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Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide with cytoprotective effect in many tissues. Administration of HN analogs has been proposed as therapeutic approach for degenerative diseases. Although HN has been shown to protect normal tissues from chemotherapy, its role in tumor pathogenesis is poorly understood.

This small, 24 amino acid peptide was initially discovered to have neuroprotective effects and subsequent experiments have shown that it is beneficial in a diverse number of disease models including stroke, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide that is being investigated for its regenerative effects. It shows high efficacy for rats suffering toxic or surgical trauma, but there is currently little evidence that it provides benefits for people
What are BPC-157’s main benefits?

What are BPC-157’s main drawbacks?

BPC-157’s potential drawbacks are uncertain, given the lack of human evidence. No clear toxicity or negative side effects have been reported in studies conducted in rodents,^[4][5][1] but this research is limited. Therefore, the biggest drawback of BPC-157 is that there is insufficient evidence of its safety.
How does BPC-157 work?

BPC-157 has various possible (potentially overlapping) mechanisms of action, including promoting nitric oxide synthesis, activating cells involved in tissue repair, stimulating the synthesis of growth factors, and inhibiting inflammation.^[2][6][7]
BPC-157 can be taken orally, topically, or via injection. Oral ingestion of peptides like BPC-157 wouldn’t normally be expected to have a direct effect on tissues outside of the gastrointestinal tract (like tendons and nerves) because peptides aren’t easily absorbed into circulation. However, studies in rodents have suggested that oral ingestion can have systemic effects, meaning that the feasibility of this route of delivery can’t be ruled out.^[8]
What is BPC-157?

Body Protection Compound 157 (BPC-157) is a peptide composed of 15 amino acids. Although the researchers who patented BPC-157 say that it was derived from a stomach protein, this claim isn’t well-substantiated.^[9] BPC-157 is thought to improve the repair of damaged tissues, although there is currently no human evidence to support this hypothesis.^[1

Senolytic Peptide FOXO4-DRI Selectively Removes Senescent Cells From in vitro Expanded Human Chondrocytes
In a recent study, FOXO4-DRI decreased levels of p53, p21, and p16 in the testes of aged mice, when compared to young mice (Zhang et al., 2020). Therefore, our study and published work collectively showed that FOXO4-DRI was able to remove senescent cells created by different methods.
FOXO4-DRI alleviates age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency by targeting senescent Leydig cells in aged mice

FOXO4-DRI is a peptide antagonist designed to block the interaction of forkhead box O 4 (FOXO4) and p53 [24]. Using ionizing radiation-induced senescent IMR90 cells, it was observed that FOXO4 maintains senescent cell viability by targeting p53 to the nucleus and preventing it from inducing apoptosis. Disrupting the p53-FOXO4 interaction using FOXO4-DRI caused p53 to be excluded from nucleus and directed to mitochondria for induction of apoptosis, ultimately eliminating the senescent cells. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the pattern of FOXO4 expression in human testes and its role in Leydig cell senescence. We further sought to use an aged mice model to assess the ability of FOXO4-DRI to eliminate senescent Leydig cells and alleviate testosterone secretion insufficiency.

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a procedure used to treat articular cartilage injuries and prevent the onset of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. In vitro expansion of chondrocytes, a necessary step in ACI, results in the generation of senescent cells that adversely affect the quality and quantity of newly formed cartilage. Recently, a senolytic peptide, fork head box O transcription factor 4-D-Retro-Inverso (FOXO4-DRI), was reported to selectively kill the senescent fibroblasts. In this study, we hypothesized that FOXO4-DRI treatment could remove the senescent cells in the expanded chondrocytes, thus enhancing their potential in generating high-quality cartilage. To simulate the in vitro expansion for ACI, chondrocytes isolated from healthy donors were expanded to population doubling level (PDL) 9, representing chondrocytes ready for implantation. Cells at PDL3 were also used to serve as the minimally expanded control. Results showed that the treatment of FOXO4-DRI removed more than half of the cells in PDL9 but did not significantly affect the cell number of PDL3 chondrocytes. Compared to the untreated control, the senescence level in FOXO4-DRI treated PDL9 chondrocytes was significantly reduced. Based on the result from standard pellet culture, FOXO4-DRI pre-treatment did not enhance the chondrogenic potential of PDL9 chondrocytes. However, the cartilage tissue generated from FOXO4-DRI pretreated PDL9 cells displayed lower expression of senescence-relevant secretory factors than that from the untreated control group. Taken together, FOXO4-DRI is able to remove the senescent cells in PDL9 chondrocytes, but its utility in promoting cartilage formation from the in vitro expanded chondrocytes needs further investigation.

Selank has pronounced anxiolytic activity and acts as a stable neuropsychotropic, antidepressant, and antistress drug that relieves aggression and fear reaction in different animal species.Clinical studies have shown that Selank had an anxiolytic effect comparable to that of classical benzodiazepine drugs, which can enhance the inhibitory effect of GABA by allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors.Activity of a peptide tuftsin analogue Selank was studied in outbred rats using the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal model. Single intraperitoneal injection of Selank in an anxiolytic dose of 0.3 mg/kg reduced the total index of morphine withdrawal syndrome by 39.6%, significantly (р<0.0001) attenuated convulsive reactions, ptosis, and posture disorders, and 9-fold increased the tactile sensitivity threshold in morphine-dependent rats in comparison with the group of active control; at the same time, Selank was slightly inferior to diazepam in a dose of 2 mg/kg by pharmacological activity (the decrease in total index of morphine withdrawal syndrome by 49.3% and 13-fold increase in sensitivity threshold). Thus, Selank, like diazepam, weakens the aversive signs of morphine withdrawal in rats with opiate dependence

Pinealon is a 3-amino acid peptide and shows neuroprotective properties. Pinealon prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and suppresses the activation of ERK 1/2. Pinealon stimulates the functional activity of the main cellular elements of brain tissue, reduces the level of spontaneous cell death. Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia.

The effect of experimental hyperhomocysteinemia on diurnal dynamics of norepinephrine content in the medial preoptic area of the female rat hypothalamus, which is responsible for the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), has been studied. We investigated plausible neuroprotective effects of the pineal gland peptide pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg). It has been found that administration of the substance can correct the deficiencies in the normal diurnal dynamics of norepinephrine content in the studied hypothalamic area that were caused by L-methionine loading. The data we obtained testify to the protective effect of pinealon and to its ability to diminish the unfavorable effect of hyperhomocysteinemia on the female rat reproductive function.

 Pinealon has been shown to protect rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia and correspondingly improve post natal cognitive function.

Pinealon likewise maintains learning retention rats with experimentally-induced diabetes. As well as old humans and young wrestlers.

Pinealon has been tested in large scale Human trials such as the Gasprom study, where it showed profound Geroprotective effects. This included longer telomeres and improvements in various health markers.

In the dynamic world of medical advancements, Cagrilintide is emerging as a groundbreaking peptide that promises to revolutionize weight management and metabolic health. This innovative compound is making waves for its potential benefits in controlling appetite, enhancing metabolic efficiency, and supporting overall wellness. Here's everything you need to know about Cagrilintide and its exciting prospects.

Cagrilintide is a novel peptide designed to address obesity and metabolic disorders. It is part of a class of drugs that work by influencing specific pathways related to appetite and energy expenditure. By targeting these pathways, Cagrilintide aims to help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight more effectively than traditional methods.

Cagrilintide operates through a dual mechanism that affects both appetite regulation and metabolic processes:

1. Appetite Suppression: Cagrilintide helps to reduce hunger and control appetite by influencing the central nervous system. This makes it easier for individuals to adhere to calorie-restricted diets and manage their eating habits more effectively.

2. Metabolic Enhancement: Beyond appetite control, Cagrilintide supports metabolic health by promoting the efficient utilization of energy and enhancing fat oxidation. This can lead to improved body composition and better metabolic outcomes.

The potential benefits of Cagrilintide extend beyond just weight management. Here's how this peptide can positively impact health:

1. Effective Weight Loss: Clinical studies suggest that Cagrilintide can lead to significant weight loss by reducing overall calorie intake and enhancing metabolic rate. This makes it a valuable tool for individuals struggling with obesity or weight-related health issues.

2. Improved Metabolic Health: By promoting better metabolic function, Cagrilintide helps improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. It supports a healthier balance of blood sugar levels and reduces the likelihood of metabolic syndrome.

3. Sustainable Results: Unlike some weight loss methods that offer temporary results, Cagrilintide aims to provide sustainable weight management solutions by addressing the root causes of weight gain and metabolic imbalance.

4. Enhanced Quality of Life: Weight management and metabolic health are closely linked to overall quality of life. By supporting effective weight loss and metabolic function, Cagrilintide contributes to better physical health, increased energy levels, and overall well-being.

Cagrilintide is typically administered via injection. The dosage and frequency of administration are determined based on individual needs and specific health goals. It is essential to follow the guidance of a healthcare provider to achieve optimal results and minimize potential side effects.

As with any therapeutic agent, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting Cagrilintide. A healthcare provider can offer personalized advice, monitor progress, and ensure that the treatment aligns with your health conditions and objectives. This helps in managing any potential side effects and maximizing the benefits of the peptide.

Durolane 60 mg Injection is indicated in the treatment of pain in osteoarthritis of the knee in patients who have failed to respond adequately to non-pharmacologic therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or simple analgesics (pain killers).

Durolane 60 mg Injection contains 'Hyaluronic acid' that works by reducing friction between the joints. Thereby providing relief from pain.

In some cases, Durolane 60 mg Injection may cause common side effects such as diarrhoea, headache, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Most of these side effects do not require medical attention and will resolve gradually over time. However, you are advised to talk to your doctor if you experience these side effects persistently.

Durolane 60 mg Injection is not recommended for people below 21 years. Consult your doctor if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. The safety and efficacy of Durolane 60 mg Injection have not been established for use in joints other than the knee. Inform your doctor if you have a joint infection or skin disease in the affected area.